What is a Salivary Gland Stone?
Calcium deposits that form within the tissue of the salivary glands or in the salivary ducts are referred to as “salivary gland stones” or “sialoliths.” The formation of stones in the salivary gland is called “sialolithiasis.” The major and minor salivary glands are responsible for the secretion of saliva into the oral cavity. There are three pairs of major salivary glands, known as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
What Causes Sialoliths?
Sialoliths, or salivary gland stones, are usually calcium crystals that form in the major salivary glands or their ducts, obstructing saliva flow. These stones are most commonly found in the submandibular salivary gland and can cause painful swelling by blocking saliva flow. They may sometimes also be found in the parotid gland, while occurrences in the sublingual and minor salivary glands are rarer. Stones in the submandibular salivary gland typically reach larger sizes, whereas those in the parotid gland are generally smaller. Salivary gland stones are much more prevalent in adults over 40 years old compared to children.
Factors Increasing the Formation of Salivary Gland Stones
Some factors that influence the formation of salivary gland stones include:
- Inadequate fluid intake
- Reduction in saliva production due to illness, medication use, or aging
- Structural narrowing of the ducts in the salivary glands
- Use of certain medications such as antihistamines and antihypertensives
- Development of infections in the area
- Poor nutrition
- Electrolyte concentration disorders
- Certain syndromes
Symptoms of Salivary Gland Stones
Salivary gland stones typically do not present symptoms unless they completely block the salivary gland duct. However, when they reach larger sizes, some symptoms may appear:
- Painful swelling in the submandibular area and cheek (especially becomes more pronounced during eating and with acidic or sour foods).
- If the stone is small, the swelling may disappear after eating and reappear during meals.
- If there is inflammation of the salivary gland, severe pain, increased temperature in the affected area, and swelling in neighboring lymph nodes may be observed.
Treatment of Salivary Gland Stones
The “sialendoscopy” method is generally preferred for treating salivary gland stones. This method can be applied when the diameter of the stone is not much larger than that of the duct. By entering the salivary gland duct endoscopically, diagnosis and treatment can be performed simultaneously. If the stone’s diameter is larger than that of the duct, it needs to be broken (using methods such as laser or shock wave) before being removed. In cases where the drainage duct is close to the stone, it may also be possible to remove the stone manually. However, if the stone is large or if the inflammation in the area has become chronic, surgical intervention will be necessary, and the stone will be removed from that area. In advanced cases, the entire salivary gland may need to be removed along with the stone.
